One of the top art and
culture of Indonesia's most prominent among the many other cultural works. Culture includes art the role of puppet art, sound art, music, arts, literary arts, the armies of his art of painting, sculpture, and also the art institution.
Culture of puppet, which continues to grow from time to time, is also a medium of information, propaganda, education, entertainment, understanding philosophy, as well as entertainment.
According to the research of historians, culture is the culture of the native culture of wayang Indonesia, particularly in Java. The existence of puppet already centuries before Hinduism came into Java. Although the story of the most popular community of wayang today is an adaptation of a literary work of India, Ramayana and Mahabarata. The second story was in the puppet master many unconverted and addition to customize it with the original philosophy of Indonesia.
Adjustments to the concept of this philosophy is also concerned at the philosophical view of society towards the position of the gods of Java in the leather. The gods in the
puppet no longer is something that is free from any one, but rather as creatures of God, sometimes acting wrongly, and it could be momentarily led astray. The presence of such a character in the puppet deliberately punokawan _ created the directory Indonesia (directory of Java to be exact) to the philosophical concept that memperkuat in this world there are no creatures are really good, and that is truly evil. Every creature always bears elements of good and evil.
In his dissertation entitled "Bijdrage tot de Kennis van het Tooneel Javaansche (1897), cultural historian Dr. GA Netherlands.J. Hazeau showed his belief that the puppet is Java's original performances. The notion of puppets in the dissertation of Dr. Hazeau it is walulang inukir (the skin carved) and seen its reflection on kelir. Thus, the puppet is surely is the Wayang Kulit as we know it today.
The Origin Of The shadow play
Of the origin of this puppet show in the world, there are two opinions. First, the opinion that the wayang originated and was born in Java, East Java. This opinion also held and expressed by researchers and historians of Indonesia, also the results of the study of Western scholars. Among Western scholars who included the group, is Hazeau, Brandes, Kats, Rentse, and Kruyt.
The reason they are strong enough. Among other things, that the art of puppet is still very closely associated with the State of sosiokultural and religious nation Indonesia, especially Java. The most important figures in the punokawan, puppet, i.e. Semar, Gareng, Petruk, and Bagong, there is only a puppet in Indonesia, and not in other countries. In addition, the names and technical terms from the leather, it all comes from the Javanese (Kuna), and not other languages.
Meanwhile, a second suspected puppet's opinion comes from India, which brought together with Hinduism to Indonesia. They include Pischel, Hidding, chrome, Poensen, Goslings, and Rassers. Most of the second group are the United Kingdom, European scholars State ever to invade India.
However, since the 1950s,
puppets books seems to already agree that
puppets is derived from Java, and in no way been imported from other countries.
Culture is thought to have been born in the wayang Indonesia at least during the reign of King Airlangga, the King of Kahuripan (976-1012), i.e. when the Kingdom in East Java that are prospering-makmurnya. A literary work into a puppet story material was written by the poet, since X century Indonesia. among other things, the book of literary texts in old Javanese Kakawin Ramayana was written during the reign of King Balitung (989-910), which is the composition of the book of the Ramayana by Valmiki India, poet. Furthermore, the poet is no longer just translate Javanese Ramayana and Mahabarata into old Javanese, but menggubahnya and retelling by entering Java philosophy is a sponge. For example, the work of the Kakawin Arjunawiwaha, Mpu Kanwa which is a composition on the behalf of The Mahabarata. The composition of other, smaller real difference derigan original story, is the Baratayuda version of India Kakawin by Mpu Sedah and Mpu Panuluh. This masterpiece of the carried out during the reign of King Jayabaya, King of Kediri (1130-1160).
As a puppet of the concert and spectacle has already started there since the days of the reign of King Airlangga. The inscriptions were made at that time among other things already mentioned the words " the mawa" and ' aringgit ' which means that is the pertunjukan puppet.
Regarding birth culture puppet, IR. Sri • D • in his book the symbolism and Mysticism in the Wayang (1979), estimate the puppet has been around since the time of the Neolithic era, i.e. approximately 1500 years b.c. His opinion was based on the writings of Robert von Heine-Geldern Ph.d, Prehis toric Research in the Netherland Indie (1945) and the writings of Prof. Hidding in the free K.A.H. Indonesia page 987.
The word ' puppet ' is thought to derive from '
puppets ', which means shadow. This corresponds to the fact alleged in its use than shadow play, a piece of cloth, kelir as the dividing line between the play it, the dalang and spectators behind kelir. The audience only sees the puppet movements through the shadow that fell on kelir. At the time of the concert puppet only accompanied by a set of simple gamelan consists of Sharon, todung (a type of flute), and the kemanak. Other types of gamelan and the sindhen is thought to not exist.
For more of puppet cultures, since the beginning of the Majapahit Kingdom introduced other puppet stories on the behalf of the book of the Ramayana and Mahabarata. Since then ceritacerita Standard; the story of the ancestor Kings of Majapahit, was initiated as one form of another puppet. Panji story was more used for performances of Wayang Beber. Menjawakan tradition of puppet stories also forwarded by some Islamic scholars, among them by the Wali Sanga. They began to mewayangkan the King of Majapahit, in which Damarwulan story.
The influx of Islam to Indonesia since the 15th century also gives a great influence on the culture of puppet, especially on the concept of religion from philosophy of puppet. At the beginning of the 15th century, namely the Kingdom of Demak, began to use the special-shaped oil lamp called blencong on entry for shadow play.
Since the days of Kartasura, dating the puppet stories on the behalf of Ramayana and mahabarata further away from the original. Since the time that the community of fans get to know the pedigree of puppets, including them of God, which originated from the Prophet Adam. Its roots in traditional it continues until it came to the Kings on the island of Java. And Furthermore, is best known as the puppet story pakem. the standard story, and stories of the outside the line of puppet standards type. Apart from that there's more on a play called splinter, who had been too far out from pakem story.
Indeed, for being so strongly rooted in the art of puppet cultures of Indonesia, there was some confusion between that story puppet, legends and history. If one assumes that the story of Mahabarata India as well as the Ramayana is really going on in his country, the
Javanese puppet stories ascribe absolutely unheard of in Java.
And in the area of Kulon Progo Regency own puppet still is preferred by all walks of life. Not only by parents, but also a teenager even small children also have a regular look at the performance of
puppets. In addition it is also commonly in use puppets in certain events in the area of Kulon progo Regency, both in the area of the city or in the corners of the Wates in Kulon Progo Regency.